* PHẦN I: LÝ THUYẾT
B/ Các thay đổi trong câu gián tiếp
1. Thay đổi động từ tường thuật: Động từ tường thuật của lời nói trực tiếp phải được đổi phù hợp với nghĩa hoặc cấu trúc câu của lời nói gián tiếp
Eg: He said, Do you like coffee?
⇒ He asked me if I liked coffee If I were you, I‘d not buy that coat, said Mary
⇒ Mary advised me not to buy the coat
Chú ý: SAY TO: không bao giờ được dùng ở lời nói gián tiếp. (phải đổi bằng TELL + (O)) TELL: không bao giờ được dùng ở lời nói trực tiếp.
2. Thay đổi các ngôi (đại từ, tính từ, đại từ sở hữu):
VD: Mr Nam said to Hoa, You take your book out and show it to me
4. Từ chỉ thời gian
5. Từ chỉ nơi chốn, địa điểm:
HERE ⇒ THERE: Khi chỉ một địa điểm xác định
Eg:
Do you put the pen here? he said ⇒ He asked me if I put the pen there
HERE⇒ cụm từ thìch hợp tùy theo nghĩa:
Eg:
She said to me, You sit here ⇒ She told me to sit next to her.
Come here, John, he said ⇒ He told John to come over him.
6. Các đại từ chỉ định:
THIS/ THESE + từ chỉ thời gian ⇒ THAT/THOSE
Eg:
They‘re coming this evening, he said. ⇒ He said (that) they were coming that evening
Is this book yours? said Mary ⇒ Mary asked me if the book was mine
He said, I like this ⇒ He said (that) he liked it
Ann said to Tom, Please take these into my room ⇒ Ann asked Tom to take them into her room
7. Thay đổi thì của động từ
Eg: He says, I don‘t know the answer to your question
⇒ He says to me that he doesn‘t know the answer to my question
They‘ll say, We‘ll buy a new house ⇒ They‘ll say (that) they will buy a new house
2. Khi động từ tường thuật (say, tell, ask…) ở thì quá khứ, động từ trong câu gián tiếp không đổi thì trong các trường hợp sau:
- Tường thuật một sự thật hiển nhiên, một chân lý, định luật khoa học hay vật lý: Eg: My teacher said, Russia is the biggest country in the world
⇒ My teacher said that Russia is the biggest country in the world
He said, health is more precious than gold ⇒ He said (that) health is more precious than gold
⇒ Tom told me (that) the book was very useful and I must read it.
She said, I wish I had a good memory⇒ She said she wished she had a good memory
He said, It‘s time we changed our way of working ⇒ He said (that) it was time they changed their way of working.
C/ Các loại câu gián tiếp
They asked me, Where did you have lunch? ⇒ They asked me where I had lunch.
eg: She asked, are you a teacher? ⇒ She asked him if/whether he was a teacher
They asked me, Do you want to go or stay at home? ⇒ They asked me if/ whether I wanted to go or stay at home.
- Câu hỏi đuôi được tường thuật giống câu hỏi Yes/No nhưng bỏ phần đuôi phí sau
eg: She asked, You will stay here, won‘t you? ⇒ She asked me if/whether I would stay there.
4. Câu tường thuật với “infinitive”:
1. Tường thuật câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu (Imperatives / Commands or Requests) dùng cấu trúc: tell/ ask/ request/ order somebody (not) to do something
Eg: Read carefully before signing the contract, he said. ⇒ He told me to read carefully before signing the contract)
The commander said to his soldier, "Shoot!" ⇒ The commander ordered his soldier to shoot.
Please talk slightly, they said. ⇒ They requested us to talk slightly.
Listen to me, please ⇒ He asked me to listen to him.
Will you help me, please? ⇒ He asked me to help him.
Will you lend me your dictionary? ⇒ He asked me to lend him my dictionary.
2. Tường thuật lời khuyên (Advice) dùng cấu trúc: advise somebody (not) to do something Lời khuyên: - Had better, ought to, should, must
⇒ My teacher advised me to take a course in computer.
3. Tường thuật lời mời (Invitation) dùng cấu trúc: invite somebody to do something
Eg: Would you like to have breakfast with me? Tom said to me. ⇒ Tom invited me to have breakfast with him.
4. Tường thuật lời cảnh báo (warn) dùng cấu trúc: warn somebody (not) to do something
Don‘t touch the red buttons, said the mom to the child. ⇒ The mom warns the child not to touch the red buttons
5. Tường thuật lời nhắc nhở (reminders) dùng cấu trúc: remind somebody to do something
Don‘t forget to turn off the lights before leaving, Sue told me ⇒ Sue reminded me to turn off the lights before leaving
6. Tường thuật lời động viên (encouragement) dùng cấu trúc: encourage / urge somebody to do something
Go on, take part in the competition, said my father ⇒ My father encouraged me to take part in the competition
7. Tường thuật lời cấu khẩn dùng cấu trúc: beg/implore somebody to do something
Do me a favor, please, said the servant to his master ⇒ The servant begged/implored his master to do him a favor.
8. Tường thuật lời đề nghị, tự nguyện (offers) dùng cấu trúc: offer to do something
Lời đề nghị: - Shall I + V
Shall I bring you some tea? He asked ⇒ He offered to bring me some tea
i. Tường thuật lời hứa (Promises) dùng cấu trúc: promise (not) to do something
Eg: I‘ll give the book back to you tomorrow, he said ⇒ He promised to give the book back to me the next day.
S + V + V-ing: admit, deny, suggest…
S + V + preposition + V-ing: apologize for, complain about, confess to, insist on, object to, dream of, think of…
S + V + O + preposition + V-ing: accuse.. of, blame…for, congratulate…on, criticize…for, warn…about/against, praise…for, thank…for, prevent…from…
Eg: I‘ve always wanted to study abroad, he said. ⇒ He‘s dreaming of studying abroad.
It‘s nice of you to give me some fruit. Thanks, Ann said to Mary ⇒Ann thanked Mary for giving her some fruit
I‘m sorry, I‘m late, Tom said to the teacher. ⇒ Tom apologized to the teacher for being late Shall we meet at the theater? he asked ⇒ He suggested meeting at the theater.
3. Câu cảm thán trong lời nói gián tiếp
What a lovely dress! ⇒ She exclaimed that the dress was lovely.
She exclaimed that the dress was a lovely one.
She exclaimed with admiration at the sight of the dress.
4. Các hình thức hỗn hợp trong lời nói gián tiếp She said, Can you play the piano? and I said no
⇒ She asked me if I could play the piano and I said that I could not
- Câu trực tiếp v câu gián tiếp (Direct and Reported speech):
- Direct speech: Là lời nói được thuật lại đúng nguyên văn của người nói. Được viết giữa dấu trìch hay ngoặc kẫp và ngăn cách với mệnh đề tường thuật bởi dấu phẩy eg: John said, “I like reading science books” The teacher said, “I‟ll give you a test tomorrow”
- Reported speech / Indirect speech: Là lời nói được thuật lại với ý và từ của người thuật, nhưng vẫn giữ nguyên ý. Không bị ngăn cách bởi dấu phẩy hay dấu ngoặc kẫp, và luôn tận cùng bằng dấu chấm câu.
B/ Các thay đổi trong câu gián tiếp
1. Thay đổi động từ tường thuật: Động từ tường thuật của lời nói trực tiếp phải được đổi phù hợp với nghĩa hoặc cấu trúc câu của lời nói gián tiếp
Eg: He said, Do you like coffee?
⇒ He asked me if I liked coffee If I were you, I‘d not buy that coat, said Mary
⇒ Mary advised me not to buy the coat
Chú ý: SAY TO: không bao giờ được dùng ở lời nói gián tiếp. (phải đổi bằng TELL + (O)) TELL: không bao giờ được dùng ở lời nói trực tiếp.
2. Thay đổi các ngôi (đại từ, tính từ, đại từ sở hữu):
VD: Mr Nam said to Hoa, You take your book out and show it to me
- Tính huống 1: Một người bạn của Hoa tường thuật với người bạn khác: Mr Nam told Hoa that she took her book out and showed it to
- Tính huống 2: Hoa tường thuật với một người bạn khác: Mr Nam told me that I took my book out and showed it to him
- Tính huống 3: Thầy Nam tường thuật với người khác: I told Hoa that she took her book out and showed it to me
4. Từ chỉ thời gian
Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
- now - an hour ago - today - tonight - yesterday - tomorrow - Yesterday morning/ afternoon - Tomorrow morning - the day before yesterday - the day after tomorrow | ⇒ then, at that time, at once, immediately ⇒ an hour before/an hour earlier ⇒ that day ⇒ that night ⇒ the day before/the previous day ⇒ the next day/the following day ⇒ the previous morning/ afternoon ⇒ the next/following morning ⇒ two days before ⇒ (in) two days‘ time |
- last year - next month | ⇒ the year before/the previous year ⇒ the month after/the following month |
HERE ⇒ THERE: Khi chỉ một địa điểm xác định
Eg:
Do you put the pen here? he said ⇒ He asked me if I put the pen there
HERE⇒ cụm từ thìch hợp tùy theo nghĩa:
Eg:
She said to me, You sit here ⇒ She told me to sit next to her.
Come here, John, he said ⇒ He told John to come over him.
6. Các đại từ chỉ định:
THIS/ THESE + từ chỉ thời gian ⇒ THAT/THOSE
Eg:
They‘re coming this evening, he said. ⇒ He said (that) they were coming that evening
THIS/THESE + danh từ ⇒ THE
Eg:Is this book yours? said Mary ⇒ Mary asked me if the book was mine
THIS/THESE: chỉ thị đại từ ⇒ IT/ THEM
Eg:He said, I like this ⇒ He said (that) he liked it
Ann said to Tom, Please take these into my room ⇒ Ann asked Tom to take them into her room
7. Thay đổi thì của động từ
- Các trường hợp thay đổi thì:
Câu trực tiếp | Câu gián tiếp |
Simple Present: I don‘t know this man Present Continuous: I‘m working for a foreign company Present Perfect: I‘ve read a good book Present Perfect Continuous: I have been writing my report. Simple Past: I finished my assignment Simple Future: I will do it later Modal Verbs: I can work late today I may see her tonight I must/have to go now | Simple Past: He said he didn‘t know that man Past Continuous: He said he was working for a foreign company Past Perfect: He said he had read a good book Past Perfect Continuous: He said he had been writing his report Past Perfect: He said he had finished his assignment Future in the past: He said he would do it later. Past forms of modals: He said he could work late that day He said he might see her that night He said he had to go then |
- Các trường hợp không thay đổi thì:
Eg: He says, I don‘t know the answer to your question
⇒ He says to me that he doesn‘t know the answer to my question
They‘ll say, We‘ll buy a new house ⇒ They‘ll say (that) they will buy a new house
2. Khi động từ tường thuật (say, tell, ask…) ở thì quá khứ, động từ trong câu gián tiếp không đổi thì trong các trường hợp sau:
- Tường thuật một sự thật hiển nhiên, một chân lý, định luật khoa học hay vật lý: Eg: My teacher said, Russia is the biggest country in the world
⇒ My teacher said that Russia is the biggest country in the world
He said, health is more precious than gold ⇒ He said (that) health is more precious than gold
- Được tường thuật ngay sau khi nói hay khi thuật lại sự kiện vẫn không đổi: Eg: (In class): A: What did the teacher say?
- Khi động từ trong câu trực tiếp là các động từ như: USED TO, hay các động từ khiếm khuyết: COULD, WOULD, SHOULD, MIGHT, OUGHT TO, HAD TO, HAD BETTER
- Với MUST diễn tả lời khuyên:
⇒ Tom told me (that) the book was very useful and I must read it.
- Khi động từ trong câu trực tiếp ở các thì: Past Continuous, Past perfect, Past Perfect Continuous, (nếu thì Simple Past đi kèm một thời gian cụ thể có thể không thay đổi thì).
- Khi tường thuật mệnh đề ước muốn (wish): theo sau động từ WISH, WOULD RATHER, IF ONLY
She said, I wish I had a good memory⇒ She said she wished she had a good memory
- Các câu điều kiện loại 2, 3 (câu điều kiện không thật)
- Cấu trúc “It‟s (high) time…”
He said, It‘s time we changed our way of working ⇒ He said (that) it was time they changed their way of working.
C/ Các loại câu gián tiếp
- Tường thuật câu trần thuật (st tements)
- Dùng say hoặc tell để tường thuật
- Thường bắt đầu bằng: He said that…. / she said to me that…/ they told me that…., eg: She said, I‘m happy to see you again ⇒ She said that she was happy to see me again
- Chú ý đổi thí, các đại từ, các từ chỉ thời gian, địa điểm…
- Tường thuật câu hỏi (questions)
- Đối với câu hỏi trực tiếp (Wh-question)
- Thường bắt đầu bằng: He asked (me) …/ He wanted to know…/ She wondered….
They asked me, Where did you have lunch? ⇒ They asked me where I had lunch.
- Không đặt trợ động từ trước chủ ngữ như trong câu hỏi trực tiếp.
- Không đặt dấu chấm hỏi cuối câu.
- Thay đổi thí, đại từ, các từ chỉ thời gian, địa điểm…
eg: She asked, are you a teacher? ⇒ She asked him if/whether he was a teacher
They asked me, Do you want to go or stay at home? ⇒ They asked me if/ whether I wanted to go or stay at home.
- Câu hỏi đuôi được tường thuật giống câu hỏi Yes/No nhưng bỏ phần đuôi phí sau
eg: She asked, You will stay here, won‘t you? ⇒ She asked me if/whether I would stay there.
4. Câu tường thuật với “infinitive”:
1. Tường thuật câu mệnh lệnh, yêu cầu (Imperatives / Commands or Requests) dùng cấu trúc: tell/ ask/ request/ order somebody (not) to do something
Eg: Read carefully before signing the contract, he said. ⇒ He told me to read carefully before signing the contract)
The commander said to his soldier, "Shoot!" ⇒ The commander ordered his soldier to shoot.
Please talk slightly, they said. ⇒ They requested us to talk slightly.
Listen to me, please ⇒ He asked me to listen to him.
Will you help me, please? ⇒ He asked me to help him.
Will you lend me your dictionary? ⇒ He asked me to lend him my dictionary.
2. Tường thuật lời khuyên (Advice) dùng cấu trúc: advise somebody (not) to do something Lời khuyên: - Had better, ought to, should, must
- Why don‘t you + V?
- If I were you, I‘d (not) + V…
⇒ My teacher advised me to take a course in computer.
3. Tường thuật lời mời (Invitation) dùng cấu trúc: invite somebody to do something
Eg: Would you like to have breakfast with me? Tom said to me. ⇒ Tom invited me to have breakfast with him.
4. Tường thuật lời cảnh báo (warn) dùng cấu trúc: warn somebody (not) to do something
Don‘t touch the red buttons, said the mom to the child. ⇒ The mom warns the child not to touch the red buttons
5. Tường thuật lời nhắc nhở (reminders) dùng cấu trúc: remind somebody to do something
Don‘t forget to turn off the lights before leaving, Sue told me ⇒ Sue reminded me to turn off the lights before leaving
6. Tường thuật lời động viên (encouragement) dùng cấu trúc: encourage / urge somebody to do something
Go on, take part in the competition, said my father ⇒ My father encouraged me to take part in the competition
7. Tường thuật lời cấu khẩn dùng cấu trúc: beg/implore somebody to do something
Do me a favor, please, said the servant to his master ⇒ The servant begged/implored his master to do him a favor.
8. Tường thuật lời đề nghị, tự nguyện (offers) dùng cấu trúc: offer to do something
Lời đề nghị: - Shall I + V
- Would you like me + to V
- Let me + V
Shall I bring you some tea? He asked ⇒ He offered to bring me some tea
i. Tường thuật lời hứa (Promises) dùng cấu trúc: promise (not) to do something
Eg: I‘ll give the book back to you tomorrow, he said ⇒ He promised to give the book back to me the next day.
- Tường thuật lời đe dọa (threat) dùng cấu trúc: threaten to do something. I‘ll shot if you move, said the robber ⇒ The robber threatened to shoot if I moved
- Câu tường thuật với “gerund”
S + V + V-ing: admit, deny, suggest…
S + V + preposition + V-ing: apologize for, complain about, confess to, insist on, object to, dream of, think of…
S + V + O + preposition + V-ing: accuse.. of, blame…for, congratulate…on, criticize…for, warn…about/against, praise…for, thank…for, prevent…from…
Eg: I‘ve always wanted to study abroad, he said. ⇒ He‘s dreaming of studying abroad.
It‘s nice of you to give me some fruit. Thanks, Ann said to Mary ⇒Ann thanked Mary for giving her some fruit
I‘m sorry, I‘m late, Tom said to the teacher. ⇒ Tom apologized to the teacher for being late Shall we meet at the theater? he asked ⇒ He suggested meeting at the theater.
3. Câu cảm thán trong lời nói gián tiếp
What a lovely dress! ⇒ She exclaimed that the dress was lovely.
She exclaimed that the dress was a lovely one.
She exclaimed with admiration at the sight of the dress.
4. Các hình thức hỗn hợp trong lời nói gián tiếp She said, Can you play the piano? and I said no
⇒ She asked me if I could play the piano and I said that I could not
Sửa lần cuối: